letterboxing aspect ratio

Hence, the actual pixel aspect ratio for PAL video is a little different from that given by the formula, specifically 12:11 for PAL and 10:11 for NTSC. The goal of these various lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible, in order to fully utilize the film being used. An aspect ratio is often expressed as reduced to a common format based on industry standards. At the start of season three, episode seven, we see H.G. This often removes things like foreheads. Common in large and medium format photography, and still in common use for prints from digital cameras in the 8"×10" size. 3. The term "APS" is derived from another film format known as Some people are so annoyed by the black bars that they use the aspect ratio controls on their TV to crop and zoom in on the image. 4:3 was the aspect ratio used for 35 mm films in the silent era. Televisions once displayed content in 4:3 ratio (the numbers equate to width:height) although these days they are almost universally designed to 16:9. 45. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. [19] It is designed to be a compromise between the cinema 2.39:1 aspect ratio and the HD-TV broadcast 16:9 ratio. As an example, the film Gladiator was released to theaters in the 2.39:1 aspect ratio. [3] Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in medium format and large format. Ever watch a movie, and get distracted by the black bars at the top and bottom of the screen? It is common for a widescreen film to be presented in an altered format (cropped, letterboxed or expanded beyond the original aspect ratio). . Click for a larger image. The APS-P panorama standard is the least adhered to any APS standard, and panoramic implementation varies with by manufacturer on different cameras, with the only commonality being that the image is much longer than it is tall, in the classic "panorama" style. The problem is there's still often a difference between how wide a TV show or movie is, and how wide your TV is. Helpful? Widescreen computer monitors did not become popular until the advent of HDTV, which uses a 16:9 image aspect ratio. φ Changing your aspect ratio may also help if you feel you have some extra “room” in your photo (this often applies more to vertical images). Another even less ideal way to do it is to stretch the image horizontally. Philips has marketed a few, and the Vizio CinemaWide XVT3D0CM was the last we reviewed at CNET. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the number of columns to the number of rows of pixels that make up a video display or image. "21:9 aspect ratio" is actually 64:27 (= 43:33), or approximately 2.37:1, and is near both cinematic movie aspect ratios. 01:28. Print sizes are usually defined by their portrait dimensions (tall) while equipment aspect ratios are defined by their landscape dimensions (wide, flipped sideways). Some people find these bars distracting, but they're a good thing. In actual images, these extra pixels are often partly or entirely black, as only the center 704 horizontal pixels carry actual 4:3 or 16:9 image. For consistency, the same effective pixel aspect ratios are used even for standard definition digital video originated in digital form rather than converted from analog. This article primarily addresses the aspect ratio of images as displayed, which is more formally referred to as the display aspect ratio (DAR). Got a question for Geoff? For analog projection of photographic slides, projector and screen use a 1:1 aspect ratio, supporting horizontal and vertical orientation equally well. Letterboxing Some movies are shot in widescreen (16:9 or wider) – but to display them in standard width video formats (4:3 or square), you will see black bars above and below the display area. For more help, check the manual that came with your TV or projector or contact the manufacturer. LBX or LTBX are identifying abbreviations for films and images thus formatted. (cropped content that is wider than 1.78 may deviate from these resolutions - see notes about matting for non-standard aspect ratios) Pixel Aspect Ratio: Square pixels only (no anamorphic content). After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, including 2.66:1 and 2.55:1. Original (top) vs upconverted or "scaled" (bottom). In contrast, digital projection technology typically supports vertically oriented images only at a fraction of the resolution of landscape-oriented images. First, check out all the other articles he's written on topics such as why all HDMI cables are the same, LED LCD vs. OLED vs. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. For an example, let's take a 2.40:1 movie on Blu-ray. LCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in the mass market from 2003. This aspect ratio is standard on the acquisition formats mandated by these content platforms and is not necessarily a creative choice.[20]. So even though it seems like you're seeing less image, you're actually seeing the entire image. Be respectful, keep it civil and stay on topic. It is commonly expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, as in 16:9.For an x:y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high. Things start getting a little confusing when you have stranger ratios. Wasn't the switch to "widescreen" TVs supposed to prevent all this? And sometimes the same film will actually employ different aspect ratios, often for effect. It's that simple. The two major camera manufacturers Canon and Nikon each developed and established sensor standards for their own versions of APS-C sized and proportioned sensors. In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. [15][16], The 2:1 aspect ratio was first used in the 1950s for the RKO Superscope format. Medium-format cameras typically have format designated by nominal sizes in centimeters (6×6, 6×7, 6×9, 6×4.5), but these numbers should not be interpreted as exact in computing aspect ratios. You're essentially taking a 1,420x800 image (the 16x9 portion of the wider image), and blowing it up to fill a 1,920x1,080 screen. as 64x64. However, they were close, and also offered the ability to have a full 16x9 image and something else (like a Web page) on screen at the same time. In order to fit them on your wider screen, 16x9 HDTV, something has to give. Often they buttons are labeled "wide" or "format." It is commonly expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, as in 16:9. It was filmed in Super 35 and, in addition to being presented in cinemas and television in the Original Aspect Ratio of 2.39:1, it was also broadcast without the matte, altering the aspect ratio to the television standard of 1.33:1. Still have a question? Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather a mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions. It is expressed by two numbers separated by a colon. Discussion threads can be closed at any time at our discretion. لترباکسینگ (letterboxing) ... ۳- یکی از موارد زیر را در بخش Pixel Aspect Ratio انتخاب کنید: Use Pixel Ratio From File – از نسبت تصویر اصلی ذخیره شده به همراه نصویر ثابت پروژه استفاده می کند. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.39:1[2] within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. For more on that, and more examples of the effects of zooming in on an image, check out What is upconverting? (The horizontal process was also adapted to 70 mm film by IMAX, which was first shown at the Osaka '70 Worlds Fair.). A 1:1 aspect ratio, for example, is a square. 120 film can still be found and used today. When cinema attendance dropped, Hollywood created widescreen aspect ratios in order to differentiate the film industry from TV, with one of the most common being the 1.85:1 ratio. Add reflections to video layers with this helpful preset. [5] A SMPTE specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 (PH22.106-1957) finally standardized the aperture to 2.35:1. Letterboxing is thus a byproduct of this process. 19:9 Aspect ratio. With television, DVD and Blu-ray Disc, converting formats of unequal ratios is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information (zooming and cropping), by adding horizontal mattes (letterboxing) or vertical mattes (pillarboxing) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by a different factor in the center and at the edges (as in Wide Zoom mode). 1920x800) and 2.13:1 (ex. If an image is displayed with square pixels, then these ratios agree. 256x256, 1024x768, 500x400, 205x246, etc.) With the adoption of high-definition television, the majority of modern televisions are now produced with 16:9 displays instead. has convinced exactly zero people. "Aspect ratio" is the ratio of the width of a rectangle to its height. Old TV shows generally have an aspect ratio of 4x3. The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. Every few years we see a manufacturer tout a wide-aspect ratio TV. If the ratio of an image is different than the ratio of your screen, you may not see the whole image. 90. Most Blu-ray and streaming services show these movies in their original aspect ratio, with either thick black "letterbox" bars at the top and bottom of 2.39:1 aspect movies (2.40:1 as it's put on the Blu-ray): A 2.40:1 image as shown on a 1.78:1 (16x9) HD/UHDTV. Common print sizes in the U.S. (in inches) include 4×6 (1.5), 5×7 (1.4), 4×5 and 8×10 (1.25), and 11×14 (1.27); large format cameras typically use one of these aspect ratios. This is a bad idea, for several reasons. WAY worse. The resulting videographic image has mattes (black bars) above and below it; these mattes are part of each frame of the video signal. If it's been a while since you've seen a tube TV (try a cheap hotel...), another really common 4:3 device is the iPad. Letterboxing is the practice of transferring film shot in a widescreen aspect ratio to standard-width video formats while preserving the film's original aspect ratio. Overscan: You're not seeing the whole picture on your TV, Can 4K TVs make "regular" content look better, most are less common today than the ones we've discussed. 2560x1080) aspect ratio, but refers also to nearby aspect ratios such as 2.4:1 (ex. Plasma, why 4K TVs aren't worth it and more. You can't fit a square peg in a rectangular hole, so to speak. Widely used aspect ratios include 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in film photography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television, and 3:2 in still camera photography. A perfect square has an aspect ratio of 1x1, or 1:1. The image's resolution is 1,920 by 800 (1,920/2.4=800). The next several formats have their roots in classic film photography image sizes, both the classic 35 mm film camera, and the multiple format Advanced Photo System (APS) film camera. The 4:3 digital format popularity was developed to match the then prevailing digital displays of the time, 4:3 computer monitors. In fact, letterboxing only exists because when you watch movies on a monitor with a 16:9 aspect ratio, the only choice for making the content fit onto the screen is scaling the movie down in size. . Discuss: Widescreen, letterbox and black bars: How to wrangle TV aspect ratios. Make sure your video does not include call-to-action elements that encourage clicking (e.g., a button shape that says “learn more”). Letterboxing: This is the term for black bars on the top and bottom of a video. One clever wide screen alternative, VistaVision, used standard 35 mm film running sideways through the camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. As in, everything the director intended you to see. In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. This process is called letterboxing, and is a major annoyance to cinephiles who want to watch their films in the way the director intended. Snapchat long-form video ads: Recommended size: 1080 by 1920 pixels. the 1940s and the 1950s). Original Aspect Ratio (OAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film or visual production was produced – as envisioned by the people involved in the creation of the work. My frustration is that it is not full screen. 4:3 is used by most digital point-and-shoot cameras, Four Thirds system, Micro Four Thirds system cameras and medium format 645 cameras. A viewer watching on a standard 4:3 (non-widescreen) television would see a 4:3 image of the commercial with 2 sets of black stripes, vertical and horizontal (windowboxing or the postage stamp effect). A rectangle that's twice as wide as it is tall would have an aspect ratio of 2x1, or 2:1. Black bars appear at the top and bottom of the screen, a visual cue known as letterboxing. Where a video signal is transmitted via a European SCART connection, one of the status lines is used to signal 16:9 material as well. Tweet at him @TechWriterGeoff then check out his travel photography on Instagram. The "flat" 1.85:1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the U.S. and elsewhere. These pulses are detected by television sets that have widescreen displays and cause the television to automatically switch to 16:9 display mode. Auto Bright Lens Flare. So for every 16 inches wide your TV screen is, it's 9 inches tall. Your HDTV is even wider. 19:9 is another smartphone aspect ratio. The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. We'll skip the "director's intent" argument because in all my years talking about the benefits of the correct aspect ratio, pleading "this is what the director wanted!" Depending on what platform you watch Netflix, you might not have picked up on the aspect ratio shift for the origin world. Depending on your favorite old movie, however, these could range from 1.37:1 ("Casablanca") all the way to 2.76:1 ("Ben-Hur," and more recently, "The Hateful Eight"). When projected, images have an approximate 2.35:1 or 2.39:1 (often rounded to 2.4:1) aspect ratio. Aspect ratio describes the ratio between the width and height of an image or screen. During that time, television, which had a similar aspect ratio of 1.3:1, became a perceived threat to movie studios. DAR is also known as image aspect ratio and picture aspect ratio, though the latter can be confused with pixel aspect ratio. For more details refer to the main article. Or with small letterbox bars when showing a 1.85:1 movie (comedies, some smaller dramatic films): A 1.85:1 aspect ratio image as shown on a 1.78:1 (16x9) HD/UHDTV. Super 16 mm film was frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm is 15:9). Old shows would have sidebars ("pillarboxing"), new shows would fill your TV. For an x:y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high. [10], 16:10 (8:5) is an aspect ratio mostly used for computer displays and tablet computers. These had screen in a 21x9, or 2.33:1 ratio (though many were 2560x1080 resolution, which is usually 2.37:1). It is also not uncommon for windowboxing to occur (when letterbox and pillarbox happen simultaneously). Can 4K TVs make 'regular' HD content look better? That's 26 percent less resolution than a standard 16x9 HD image to start with, and you're only selecting part of it when you zoom/expand to fill the screen. Many directors use this format to its full advantage, putting important aspects of the story all over the screen, or setting up beautiful shots, all of which gets lost if the aspect ratio isn't correct. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the pixel aspect ratio (PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity: For example, a 640 × 480 VGA image has a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3 and, if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1. For example, projecting a digital still image having a 3:2 aspect ratio on a 16:9 projector employs 84.3% of available resolution in horizontal orientation, but only 37.5% in vertical orientation. It is also common that a 4:3 image is stretched horizontally to fit a 16:9 screen to avoid pillarboxing but distorts the image so subjects appear short and fat. Yes … To find the video aspect ratio reduce the aspect ratio to either 16:9, 16:10, or 4:3. Letterboxing: Videos should not have black bars on any side of the video content: Video files will be transcoded to optimize their size and appearance in Amazon’s ad placements. Yeah, but it’s a fake 720p. Around 2008–2010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. 25. The motion picture industry convention assigns a value of 1.0 to the image's height; an anamorphic frame (since 1970, 2.39:1) is often incorrectly described (rounded) as 2.40:1 or 2.40 ("two-four-oh"). Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose horizontal and vertical resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital videocameras and computer display modes, such as Color Graphics Adapter (CGA). Content-cropping and letterboxing aside, 18:9 aspect ratio allows for convenient usage of smartphones. 4:3 (1.3:1) (generally read as Four-Three, Four-by-Three, or Four-to-Three) for standard television has been in use since the invention of moving picture cameras and many computer monitors used to employ the same aspect ratio. However, it was used often in British TVs in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. Create a Bloom effect with easy slider animation. APS and the "-C" refers to "Classic" mode, which exposed images over a smaller area (25.1 mm × 16.7 mm) but retaining the same "classic" 3:2 proportions as full frame 35 mm film cameras. 3:2 is used by classic 35 mm film cameras using a 36 mm × 24 mm image size, and their digital derivatives represented by DSLRs. It was popularized by Snapchat and is also now being adopted by Twitter, TikTok, and Facebook. It has an aspect ratio of 16x9, or 1.78:1 (again, 1.7777...). This setting is ignored when the Widescreen Mode Hack or Display Full VRAM options are enabled. 62. They had an aspect ratio of 4x3, which could also be described as 1.33:1 (technically, 1.33333333333...:1 but let's not get too crazy). But for the best picture quality, leave it in the original aspect ratio. Calculation. [12][13], In 2005–2008, 16:10 overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. Hey, it's your TV, enjoy. : What is UNIVISIUM? Behold, the world of aspect ratios, and how to deal with them. [21][22] The Apple iPhone X also has a similar screen ratio of 19.5:9 (2.16:1). Bloom Transition. It went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available to standard four-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs of making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. And for some films presented in IMAX, like "The Dark Knight" and "Tron: Legacy," only certain portions were shot in the 1.44:1 IMAX format. But the 2018 iPad Pro 11-inch uses a 1.43:1 aspect ratio. A common way to show 4x3 content on a 16x9 screen. The easiest way is to put bars on the left and right. In digital images, there is a distinction with the storage aspect ratio (SAR), which is the ratio of pixel dimensions. Black bars get added -- to the sides or top and bottom of the screen -- so the TV show or movie can fit on your TV without bring cropped or stretched. Multiple aspect ratios create additional burdens on directors and the public, and confusion among TV broadcasters. All TVs come with aspect ratio controls to zoom or stretch the image so it fills the screen. ", "Digital Cinema Technologies from the Archive's Perspective", Philips discontinuing super-wide Cinema 21:9 TVs due to lack of demand, "Voyage of Time: The IMAX® Experience in Ultra-Widescreen", "Introducing Screen X, Cinema in 270 Degrees | Filmmaker Magazine", The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page, Aspect – combined aspect ratio, frame size and bitrate calculator, Explanation of TV Aspect Ratio format description codes, IMDb – Number of DVDs for each aspect ratio, SCADplus: 16:9 Action plan for the television in the 16:9 screen format – European Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&oldid=1007247551, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 February 2021, at 04:12. When 4:3 material is included (such as the aforementioned commercial), the television switches to a 4:3 display mode to correctly display the material. [6], Development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. These exist largely because people get upset that black bars cover the screen, thinking they weren't seeing "the whole image" (even though, as we've discussed, they were). A vertical image may be too roomy at a ratio of 2:3, while a ratio of 4:5 could give the photo a snugger frame, resulting in a more appealing composition. Square displays are rarely used in devices[7][8] and monitors. This usually happens when the footage has a larger aspect ratio than the sequence. I am using an img tag of HTML to show a photo in our application. Core Aspect Ratio [beetle_psx_hw_aspect_ratio] (corrected/uncorrected/4:3) Set core provided aspect ratio. [11] Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the film's frame size and avoid any unused film area. It can fill nearly twice as much screen space compared to 16:9 format (when the device is held differently while viewing from how video was recorded). Recommended size: 1080 by 1920 pixels (9:16 aspect ratio) Recommended specs:.MP4 or MOV, H.264 encoded, ... Snapchat also restricts videos with letterboxing, and text/graphics that encourage the user to “swipe up” (click here for a complete list of restrictions on video). This ratio is close to the golden ratio " So far we've covered what most of you have, namely a standard HDTV. In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, and "aspect ratio" refers unambiguously to DAR. Note how much is lost when cropping the original image (bottom) to fit screens with a squarer aspect ratio. Make sure your DVD, Blu-ray, or cable box is set to output 16x9, and make sure your TV is set for "native," or something similar, in it's aspect ratio settings (it's usually the same control that helps you solve this problem). By having TV match this aspect ratio, movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. Images won’t fit properly if the screen is narrower than the image. [12] However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio. Aspect ratio: 1.91:1 to 1:1 allowed; 4:5 recommended; Text: 125 characters; Headline: 25 characters; Link description: 30 characters; Facebook mobile feed recommended ad specs. Like 16x9 TVs, this matched exactly no movie aspect ratios. This makes everyone look exceptionally fat. [5] An update in 1970 (PH22.106-1971) changed the aspect ratio to 2.39:1 in order to make splices less noticeable. As mentioned, it's always going to be softer than if you didn't zoom in. There were even a limited number of projectors constructed to also run the print-film horizontally. Great preset for creating perfect 16:9 letterboxing. Quick 3D Reflections. Bonus points if you can figure out what town this is in. The 6 × 6 cm image size was the classic 1:1 format in the recent past. A good example of this a 4×6 print (6 inch wide by 4 inch tall landscape) perfectly matches the 3:2 aspect ratio of a DSLR/35 mm, since 6/2=3 and 4/2=2. [2] Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.3:1),[a] the universal video format of the 20th century, and 16:9 (1.7:1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television. Should you get rid of them? Generally, however, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard four-perforation 35 mm film) to show with the standard projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the US standard of 1.85:1. Modified Aspect Ratio is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film was modified to fit a specific type of screen, as opposed to original aspect ratio. It is becoming increasingly popular and used by top OEMs like Samsung, ASUS, Huawei, and Apple on their flagship devices. Hollywood has had many, many different aspect ratios over the years. Typical DSLRs come in two flavors, the so-called professional "full frame" (36 mm × 24 mm) sensors and variations of smaller, so called "APS-C" sensors. Many computer monitors have a slightly taller aspect than TVs, with a 16:10 ratio. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 (= 15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of ​5.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} 1⁄3 to 3 (= 16:9). A perfect square has an aspect ratio of 1x1, or 1:1. The most common aspect ratios used today in the presentation of films in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. Often, screen specifications are given by their diagonal length. Aspect Ratio (short: A/R) is the width of an image or screen, divided by the height. Some European countries have 1.6:1 as the wide screen standard. In 2017, Fujifilm added the 1:1 Instax Square format to their lineup of instant film cameras. Aspect Ratio Letterbox. When still cameras have an HD video capability, some can also record stills in the 16:9 format, ideal for display on HD televisions and widescreen computer displays. Another trend arising from the widespread use of smartphones is vertical video (9:16) that is intended for viewing in portrait mode. Nightly news shows often show a blurred out version of the image on either side of the "real" image. 1.3:1 is the modified aspect ratio used historically in VHS format. Ultra HD "4K" displays are the same aspect ratio, and will have the same issues when you zoom in, only worse. 3:1 is yet another format that can find its roots in the APS film camera. A similar scenario may also occur for a widescreen set owner when viewing 16:9 material embedded in a 4:3 frame, and then watching that in 16:9. By contrast, a 720 × 576 D-1 PAL image has a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4, but is displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), so by this formula it would have a PAR of (4:3)/(5:4) = 16:15. The image may be smaller with letterbox bars, but by cropping and zooming, you'll lose detail and potentially miss out on what's on the sides of the image. Univisium has gained little traction in the theatrical film market, but has recently been used by Netflix and Amazon Video for productions such as House of Cards and Transparent, respectively. Known as APS-P (30.2 × 9.5 mm), with the -P" denoting "Panorama", the 3:1 format was used for panorama photography. Other cinema and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. Active Format Description is a mechanism used in digital broadcasting to avoid this problem. Ever wonder what they are, and why they're different sizes? Canon actually developed two standards, APS-C and a slightly larger area APS-H (not to be confused with the APS-H film format), while Nikon developed its own APS-C standard, which it calls DX.

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